Александр Иванович Смирницкий - Древнеанглийский язык

MOCKOBCK11M fOCY AAJ>CTBEHHhlM YHl1BEPCl1TET
HMeHH M.B. AOMOHOCOBA
11AOAOfl1qECK11M AKYAh TET

A.H.

CMHPHHI(KHH

u

u

~PEBHEAHf ~HHCKHH

H3 hi K

MocKBd

1998

EEK 81.432.1 - 0R73
Y)..(K 802.0 - 02(075.8)
C50

ITe'!aTaeTCll no nocTaHoanemuo
Pe.1.1aKUllOHH0-113).{aTeJJbCKOro coBeTa
HJiorror11'leCKoro cpaKyJJhTeTa

MrY HM. M.B.

JloMoHocoea

A.H. CMnpuu ...Knfi . .[(pesHeaHnn1iicKIIii 5!3hIK.
)..(a1111all KH11ra 6bIJia 3a).{yMaHa A.
nepBall

qacTh

Kypca

11cTop1111

11.

CM11p1111UKllM KaK

a11rm1i\cKoro

ll3 hIKa.

TaKHM

o6pa30M, nOMllMO J.\peaHeaHrJJHHCKOii '!aCTH, OHa COJ.\eplKllT
TaKJKe pa3).{eJJhl, OTHOCllll{llCCll K Kypcy B L{eJJOM, KaK, Hanp11Mep:
«AHrJJllHCKllH ll3b!K II ero MeCTO B repMaHCKOH rpynne ll3b!KOB»;
«ITepl!0).1113al{llSI

l!CTOpllll

aHrJll!HCKOro

xapaKTep!ICTl!Ka nep!IO).\OB» II

ISBN 5-89042-047-X

©

ll3hlKa

ll

KpaTKall

flP·

HJJOJ1or11'1ecK11i1 cpaKyJihTeT

HM.

M.B.

JloMOHocoaa,

1998

MfY

nPE,lJJf CJIOBYIE
DpenJJaraeMa!I 'lHTaremo KHHra
nuca11a

no

pyKonHCHblM

«.llpesHeaHrJJHll:CKHH

Marep11aJ1aM

nporp.

YI.

A.

H3bIK>>

11a-

CMHp1muKoro

H

corJJaCHO npocneKTY H TIJJaHy, yrsep)f(JleHHblM HM npH )f{H3HH .
.llaHHa!I KHHra
'iaCTb

Kypca

6b1J1a

HCTOpHH

3anyMaHa

l1.

A.

a Hr JIHHCKoro

CMHpHHU.KHM

ll3bIKa. TaKHM

KaK

nepsall

o6pa30M, TIOMHMO

npesHeaHr JIHHC KOH lJaCTH, OH a conepll> COBCeM He 0.llHO H TO iKe.
0cHOBH3H OUIH6Ka COCCIOpHaHCTBa, BfCJIIOY3H cospeMeHHblH 6yp)!{ya3Hbiti 3arra;LHoesponeilcKHH CTPYKTypaJIH3M,
B 3'f0M sonpoce COCTOHT B TOM, YTO .ll Ha x p 0 H H 5I pacCMaTpttsaeTCH !{31{ o6JiaCTb e .ll H H H y H bl x
5IBJICHHH, a

5

H3blK KaK c H c Te Ma H3y4aeTCH JJHWb B cR:aIOmy10

.uetiCTBHTeJibHble

CBH3H

Me:>R:;:i:y OT;:i:eJibHblMH 4aCTHMH H rrpaBHJibHO pa3JIH4aIOlllYIO
cymecTBeHHoe 11 HecymecTBeHHoe •
.UaJiee, ecJIH ncTopHH cpaBHHBaeMbIX H3bIKOB ycTaHasJJHBaeTCH Ha OCHOBe 113y4eHHH IIHCbMeHHbIX rraMHTHHKOB,
Heo6xo;:i:HMO orrpe;:i:eJIHTb 3BY4aHHe, a Hepe;:i:KO H CMblCJIOBOe 3Ha4eHHe Toro, 4TO HMeeTCH B 3THX rraMHTHHKaX.
Ha.lI.o seer ;:i:a rrOMHHTb, 4TO H3bJKOBbie rraMHTHHKH caMH rro
ce6e He HB.'JHIOTCH KaKHMH-JIH6o OTpeaKaMH pe4H Ha )l,3HHOM H3b!Ke: OHH rrpe;:i:cTaBJIHIOT co6oii

TOJibi{O

6oJiee HJIH

Mettee rrptt6JIH3HTeJibHOe 11so6pa)!{eH11e O.lI.HOH JIHillb BHewtteii

CTOpOHbI

orrpe;:i:eJieHHbIX

rrpo113se;:i:eH111'f.

3;:i:ech

Tpe-

6yeTc5l rrpHMeHeHHe crreuHaJibHbIX MeTO.lI.OB B 0 cc Ta H 0 B JI e H H H pe4H no ee wpncfJTOBOH aarrHCH, TaK KaK ,n:peBHIO!O
pe4b HeJib3H ua6.1IO;:i:aTb Herrocpe;:i:CTBeHHO H HaIIHCaHHOe
HeJib3H corrocTaBHTb c ee peaJJbHbIM sBytJaHHeM. TyT petJh
MO:>R:eT H.lI.TH KaK 06 orrpe;:i:eJJeHHH l!TeHHH OT)J:eJibHb!X 6yKB
11

06

ycTaHOBJieHHH

attal!eHHH

oT;:i:eJibHhrx CJIOB, TaK 11 o

IIOJJHOH ;:i:er1111cppOBKe BCei:\ COBOKYIIHOCTH HMeIOIUHXCH aarrHceii, B CB513H c 'leM MO)!{HO BbJJJ:e,lJHTb pa3JIHlJHbie MeT0,11,bl.

9

TaK KaK HCTOpHH H3bIKa TecHo CBH3aHa c HCTOpHeii
Hapo.ua, KOTOpoMy rrpHH3,UJie)f{HT 3TOT H3b!K, TO cpaBHHTeJibHO-HCTOpH'feC1Ke-

HHH, B 4BCTHOCTH xapaKTepHbie H JVIII .n.peaHeaHrJIHiiCKHX
ll03TH'leCKHX npOH3Be.n.eHHH. Ba)!{HeiiIIIHMH H3 3THX rrpHH·
UHITOB .fIBJI51IOTCI!: I) IIOCTpOeHHe pHTMa Ha OCHOBe y JI. ap e H H 51 H 2) 06be.U.HHeH11e CTHXa TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH a JI JI HT e p a !..( H e H (CM. HH)f{e). 06a 3TH rrpHHL(HIIa CBH3BHhl
c TeM, lJTO B .n.pesHerepMaHCKHX ll3bIKax 6b!JIO CHJlhHOe
3Kcrr11paropHoe y ,n:apeHHe, o6hI4HO BhI.ll.eJIRBlliee rrepBbIH
CJIOf CJIOBa HJJH, no KpaiiHeii Mepe, nepBblH CJIOr ero ocHOBHOH YaCTH (T. e. nepBbIH CJIOr, CJie,n:yIOlll.HH 3a np11CTa BKOH' cp. § 32).

§ 17. Y .LI. a p e H H e. Hatt6onee THIIHYHhIH JipeeHere pMaHCKHH CTHX (noJIHblH, HJIH u:eJiblH, CTHX) co.u.ep)!{HT 4 r Jl3B·
HblX y .n:apeHHH ('), KOTOphle pacrrpe.n:eJIHIOTCH nopOBHY
Me)!{JIY J!BYMH IlOJIYCTHX3MH, pa3JieJieHHblMH u:e3ypoii:

,

,

,

,

'----.----·-....,,-.' '----.---·

1-hrfi

ue-

IlOJIYCTHX

3Jpa

2-oii
llOJIJCTHX

TaKHM o6pa30M, Ha Ka)!{J!hIH rronycTHX npHXOJ!HTCH no
2 r JJaBHOY JiapHhIX cnora 1 • Yttcno )!{e 6e3y JI3pHwx cnoros
MO)!{eT 3Ha4ttTeJihHO BapbttpoBaTbCH. CToMHMO r JiaBHhIX
y ,n:apeHHH B pHTMe CTHXa H3eeCTHYIO pOJib HrpaIOT H BTO·
pocTerreHHhie y .n:apeHHH ( • ). 4epe.n.oBaHHe r JiaBHoy JI.apHbIX,
BTOpOcTerreHHOYJiapHblX H 6e3y Jia pHblX CJIOfOB B OT JieJib·
HblX CTHXax O)lHOro H Toro )!{e npott3Be.n:eHHH MO)!{eT 6bJTh
OYeHb pa3JIHYHblM, 4TO C03JiaeT CBOeo6pa3HblH TIOJ!BH)!{Hblil
pHTM co MHOfHMH eapHaU:HHMH OCHOBHblX THIIOB.
2
CMoTpHTe CJieJiyIOlll.HH npHMep H3 Eeosyllbifja :

.

"Beowulf

maoalode,

"Ne s6r;sa, sn6tor ;suma!
pcet he his

f reond

wrece,

.

'

bearn Ec;speowes:
Selre

bio

re;shwrem,

ponne he fela murne; ..• "

L Hepe.nKo CTHXOM, a HMeHHO - «KpatKHM CTHXOM>l (KpatKOii CtpO·
Kofi), H33bIBaerc11 KalKawii OtJleJJbHbiii JlByxynapttb!ii nonyc1Hx. B ta·
KOM CJ1y4ae DeCb 4etb!pexyaapHbIH CTHX npeJlCT3BJl51eT co6oi\ napy
(Kp3TKHX) CTHXOB HJIH «JlOJlfHH CTHX)).
• Qe3ypa o6o3Ha4etta npo6eJJoM. B1opoc1eneHHble yaapeHHR 060·
3Ha4ettw JJHIIJb taM, r .ne OHH cymecreetttto tteo6xo.n11111w.

34

_Beoay JI hep MOJIBHJI,
OTnphICK 3rhTeOBa:
- He nel!aJihCH, pa3yMHhIH My)!{!
Jly4rne Ka>KJl.OMY,
4T06hl OH 3a caoero .n:pyra OTOYeM (oH) Mf!Oro roMCTHJI,
peaaJI 6bI. ....
(6eoayJihcp, 1383)
CpaBHHTe TaK)!{e npnMepbI H3 .n:pyrnx .n:peaHerepMaHCKHX Il03TH4eCKHX rrpOH3BeAeHHH:
Fell h~r i m6rgon

at Frekasteini

buolungr sa er var

batstr und s6lo.

.naJJ 3.n:ech yTpoM
KHH3h TOT, 4TO 6b!JI

y peKaCTefiHa

garutun se iro guohamun,
helidos ubar hringa
• rrpHrOTOBHJIH ce6e CBOH
6oeahre o6JJa4eHHH,
repoH rroaepx KOJib4Yr,

JIY4llIHM IlOA COJIHU.eM".
(3Ma, 39)

gurtun sih iro suert ana
do sie to dero hfltiu ritun .
OITOHC3JIHCb CBOHMH Me4aMH
Kor .n::i. OHH a TY 6HTBY exaJJH •.
(XHJJbAf'6paHT, 5)

KpoMe Toro, AJJH pttTMa 11MeJia H3BeCTHoe 3Ha4eHtte H
Jl.JlliTeJihHOCTh (Jl.OJJrOTa HJIH KpaTKOCTb) CJIOrOB: AOJJrHe
CJIOrtt BbICTynaJJH B CTHXe B Kal!eCTBe rJiaBHoy.n:apHblX
soo6me 6oJiee cao6o.n:Ho, l!eM 1ledi3,
oppe; - swioe, wyroi3, c}·ode " T. ,ZJ.

13/ 14.

15.5yKBa s o603HalJaeT 1) fJIYXOH 3BYK[s]tt2)
COOTBeTCTBY!OlUHH 3 B 0 H K H H [ z]. I1epsoe H3 3THX 3Ha 4eHHH 6yKBa s HMeeT BO scex TeX CJiytJaHX, B HOTOpb!X
6yKBbl f, CJ,
o6o3HaYa!OT rJJyxtte 3BJKH (cM. Bblllle,
n. 12), HO s, KpoMe Toro, npe.ncTaBJIHeT co6oii r JI y x o i1
3BYK TaK)l{e H no c JI e 3 Bo HK H x co r JI a c H bl x. CJie.n.o·
BaTeJibHO, B 3BYKOBOM 3Ha4eHH:H [ z 6y1Ke wiersa xyJ1Ce
wie~sa]; -(2) iJa. wesan 6b/,nlb [ wezan], lysde omnycmu.11.

l

tyzde].
16.

ByKsa w o6o3Ha'laeT ry6Ho-ry6Hoii noJJyrJJaCHbIH
[wJ (nO)l.06HO TOMJ, KaK H B cospeMeHHOM aHrJJHHCKOM
j13b1Ke): Cp. iJa. --">