Roberto ía - Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language

Bellay, Joachim, 8

Ecole des hautes etudes commerciales:

Volapŭk courses at, 32 Einstein, Leopold, 47, 71-72 English: in Europe, 165-67, 168; as global language, 3, 15, 38, 155, 164-67; non- native users of, 167; popular promotion of, 8-9; as scientific language, 159-60; vs. Volapŭk, 38 Escuela Moderna, 121 Esperanta Ligilo, 98 La Esperantisto, 72-75 UEsperantiste, 77-78

Esperantists, 95-102; address books of, 68, 72, 76, 78-79, 90; age of, 96, 97; anarchist, 125, 191 n.12; blind, 98, 186-87 n.6; Catalan, 127; Catholic, 115-18; commu- nist, 124-25; Czechoslovakian, 126; education of, 96, 97-98; estimates of, 169 n.5; Flemish, 127; freethinker, 120-22; French, 77-83, 85, 86, 89-90, 107-9; gender of, 96-97, 98; Herderian, 125-28; Ido shift of, 136; International League of, 73-74; Irish, 126-27; Jewish, 76; Nazi, 127-28; occupation of, 96, 97-98; pacifist, 104, 106-11; Protestant, 118-19; recruitment waves of, 98-100; reform-related attrition of, 75; Reuben Tanquist's study of, 95-101; Russian, 59, 75-76, 124-25; socialist, 122-25; social networks of, 101-2, 103-11, 157; Soviet purge of, 59; student, 96, 97; working- class, 122-25 Esperanto, 2; alphabet of, 66; Central Office for, 83, 107; community-building proper- ties of, 67-69, 87-88, 91, 100, 101-2, 154-55, 157; Dua Libro of, 68-69, 70; entertainments in, 86-87; for European Union, 167-68; failure of, 160-61, 163-64; first brochure of, 65-66; First Congress of, 81-83, 84-87; vs. French language, 161, 162; grammar of, 66; Hachette publications on, 79-80; idealistic conception of, 64, 74, 76, 84-86, 89-90, 91, 158, 164; vs. Ido, 142 (see also Ido); international organizations of, 73-74, 82-83; journals for, 72-73, 75, 76, 77-78, 90, 98, 153, 154; League of Nations and, 161-63; learning and use of, 66-68, 99, 100; Lingva Komitato of, 83; national- ism and, 125-28, 161-64; Nazi opposition to, 59, 119; Nuremberg Volapŭkists' shift to, 47, 71-72; pacifism and, 104, 106-11; participatory improvement of, 66-67, 68, 69-70, 73, 74-75; peak popularity of, 151-52; purposes of, 56, 64, 68, 78, 85-86, 100-101; reform of, 74-75, 134, 135 (see also Ido); Rudolf Carnap on, 87-88; for science, 78-79; Second Congress of, 88-90; during Spanish Civil War, 1; spiritualism and, 112-13; teachers of, 98, 186 n.5, 190 n.4; Third Congress of, 120; vs. translation technology, 160-61; Twenty-fifth Congress of, 119; Unua Libro of, 65-66, 71; vegetarianism and, 113-14; vs. Volapŭk, 64, 72, 80, 128; wanderism and, 114-15; words in, 66 Esperanto as an International Auxiliary Language (League of Nations), 162-63 Espero Kataluna, 127 Espero Katolika, 115, 116, 117 Espero Teozofia, 113 Essay Towards a Real Character and a

Philosophical Language (Wilkins), 11 Esterhill, Frank, 194-95 n.15 Eugenics, 109-10

Europe: Babelization of, 7-10; foreign

language instruction in, 16 European Union, 165-66; artificial language

for, 167-68 Examen critique des simplifications qi'ily a introduire dans le Volapuk (Kerckhoffs), 45

Faure, Sebastian, 121 Fechner, Gustav, 113

Feminism: pacifism and, 111

Ferrer, Francisco, 121-22

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 14

Filene-Finlay Speech Translator, 160-61

First International, 122

Flammarion, Sylvie, 111

Flandra Esperantisto, 127

Flandra Ligo Esperantista, 127

Folies Bergeres, 35

Forel, Auguste, 108, 109-10

Forschungen zur deutschen Landes- und

Volkskunde, 27 Forster, Peter G., 141 France: antisemitism in, 78; Esperanto in, 77-83, 85, 86, 89-90, 107-9; First Esperanto Congress in, 81-83; 1900 Universal Exposition in, 79; Volapŭk in, 31-32, 34-36 Freethinkers, 120-22

French: Boudon Law on, 166; vs. Esperanto, 161, 162; as language of diplomacy, 15, 16, 31-32; popular promotion of, 8, 9; vs. Volapŭk, 36 Fried, Alfred, 108

Fundamento de Esperanto (Zamenhof), 83

Gender: of Esperantists, 96-97, 98; of Idists,

97, 142; of Volapŭkists, 26 German, 166; as language of science, 15-16, 172-73 n.26; purification of, 126, 127; spelling of, 22; standardization of, 37; vs. Volapŭk, 36-38 German Monistic League, 187 n.1 German Peace Society, 108 Germany: Catholicism in, 37, 53-54, 116-18; Kulturkampf of, 53-54; Volapŭk in, 36-38; youth movements in, 115 Gill, J. Arthur, 114

Globalization: first wave of (1870-1913), 14-17

Godin, Jean-Baptiste, 174-75 n.11 Gordon, Yehuda L., 62 Graddol, David, 167

Grammar: of Esperanto, 66; of Volapŭk, 23,

45, 80-81 Guerard, Albert L., 81, 150, 151 Gulliver's Travels (Swift), 10

Hachette, 79-80 Haeckel, Ernest, 187 n.1

Hahn-Hahn, Countess Ida von, 22

Hamel, Richard, 37

Hartwig, Theodor, 121

Haskalah movement, 60, 61

Haugg, A., 139

Herder, Johann Gottfried, 13

Herderian Esperantists, 125-28

Hidden-world seekers, 112-15

Hinterweltler, 112-15

Histoire de la langue universelle (Leau and

Couturat), 133 Hitler, Adolf, 59, 117

Hochkirchlich-Oekumenischer Bund, 116-17

Homaranists, 186 n.15

Hovevei Zion, 62, 63

Hŭbner, Paul, 118, 119

Hugon, Paul, 139

Human, All Too Human (Nietzsche), 17 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 13 Huxley, Julian, 150

Ideologues, 12-13 Idiom Neutral, 81, 133, 134, 144 Idists: gender of, 97, 142; Occidental shift of, 145; specialized organizations of, 142, 158 Ido, 2; Academy for, 138, 141, 158; Central Committee for, 138; Esperantist shift to, 136; introduction of, 134-36; journals for, 138, 139, 153, 154, 193-94 n.44; klasika, 140; Ludwig Zamenhof on, 135-36; nonideological character of, 141, 142; original literature in, 140; origin of, 131-35; reform of, 137-40, 141; sociability and, 140-41 Interlingua, 2

Interlingua Institute, 194-95 n.15 Internacia Asocio de Instruistoj, 121 Internacia Esperanto Instituto, 186 n.5 Internacia Katolika Unuiĝo Esperantista

(IKUE), 116-17 Internacia Ligo de Liberpensuloj, 120 Internacia Pedagogia Revuo, 121 Internacia Sciencia Asocio, 107 Internacia Sciencia Revuo, 107 Internacia Socia Revuo, 122 Internacia Societo Esperantista de

Liberpensuloj, 120 Internacia Societo Esperantista por la Paco, 108

Internacio de Socialistaj Esperantistoj, 125

Internacio Katolika (IKa), 117 Internaciona Pioniro, 139 International Association of Academies, 133 International Auxiliary Language

Association, 2, 146-49, 194-95 n.15 International Conference on Bibliography, 106

International Freethought Federation, 120 International Institute for Bibliography, 106 International Language, 139 International Language: Preface and

Complete Grammar (Zamenhof), 65-66 International League of Esperantists, 73-74 International Peace Bureau, 107 International Phonetic Association, 173 n.3 International Research Council, 159 International Vegetarian Union, 114 Ireland: Esperanto in, 126-27

James, William, 113 Jasiewicz, Jules-Michel, 36 Javal, Emile, 77, 83, 86, 88-89, 98 Javal, Leopold, 77 Jenkins, Livingstone, 118 Jensen, L. P., 29

Jespersen, Otto, 2, 133, 136-37, 138-39, 143, 148

Journal de Sgavans, 9

Journals: Esperantist,

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