Валентина Анатольевна Кононова , Вероника Адольфовна Разумовская - Словарь-компаньон для тех, кто изучает экономику

dollar.

APPRECIATION OF A CURRENCY / CURRENCY APPRECIATION –
повышение курса валюты; ревальвация
Appreciation of a currency refers to an increase in the value of a currency in the context of a floating (or flexible) exchange rate system or managed exchange rate system (compare with revaluation, which refers to an
increase in currency value in the context of a fixed exchange rate system).

APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY – экологически чистая технология
Appropriate technologies are technologies that are well-suited to a country’s particular economic, geographical, ecological and climate conditions.
Often used in connection with labour-abundant developing countries that
require labour-intensive (as opposed to capita- intensive) technologies.

ARROW’S IMPOSSIBILITY THEOREM (Arrow’s paradox) – «Парадокс Эрроу», теорема «о невозможности демократии» как «коллективного выбора», иначе называют «теоремой о неизбежности диктатора».
Arrow’s impossibility theorem is a mathematical result showing that,
under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferences. The theorem is

named after economist and Nobel Laureate Kenneth Arrow. These all seem
like desirable properties of a voting system. Yet Arrow proved, mathematically and incontrovertibly, that no voting system can satisfy all these properties. This amazing result is called Arrow’s impossibility theorem.

ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION – асимметричная информация
Asymmetric information is a type of market failure where buyers and
sellers do not have equal access to information, usually resulting in an
underallocation of resources to the production of goods and services, as
parties to a transaction with less access to information try to protect themselves against the consequences of the information asymmetry.

AVERAGE FIXED COST – средние постоянные затраты
Average fixed cost is the fixed cost divided by the quantity of output.

AVERAGE REVENUE – средняя выручка
Average revenue is total revenue divided by the quantity sold. Average
revenue tells us how much revenue a firm receives for the typical unit
sold.

AVERAGE TAX RATE – средняя ставка налогообложения, средняя
налоговая ставка
An average tax rate is total taxes paid divided by total income.
When discussing the efficiency and equity of income taxes, economists
distinguish between two notions of the tax rate: the average and the marginal. The average tax rate is total taxes paid divided by total income. The
marginal tax rate is the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income.

AVERAGE TOTAL COST – средние валовые затраты
Average total cost is total cost divided by the quantity of output.
To find the cost of the typical unit produced, we would divide the firm’s
costs by the quantity of output it produces. For example, if the firm produces 2 cups of coffee per hour, its total cost is $3.80, and the cost of the
typical cup is $3.80/2, or $1.90. Total cost divided by the quantity of output is called average total cost.

AVERAGE VARIABLE COST – средние переменные издержки
Average variable cost is the variable cost divided by the quantity of output.

AUTOMATIC STABILIZERS – автоматические стабилизаторы
Automatic stabilisers are changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action; they are factors that automatically, without any action by government authorities, work toward stabilising
the economy by reducing the short term fluctuations of the business cycle.
Two important automatic stabilizers are progressive income taxes and unemployment benefits.

AVERAGE COSTS – удельная стоимость единицы продукции; средние затраты в длительном периоде; средние издержки
Average costs are costs per unit of output, or the cost of each unit of output on average. They are calculated by dividing total cost by the number
of units of output produced.

AVERAGE FIXED COSTS – средние постоянные затраты
Average fixed costs are fixed cost per unit of output, or the fixed cost of
each unit of output on average. They are calculated by dividing fixed cost
by the number of units of output produced.

AVERAGE PRODUCT – усреднённый продукт; средний продукт
Average product is the total quantity of output of a firm per unit of variable input (such as labour); shows how much output each unit of the variable input (for example, each worker) produces on average.

AVERAGE REVENUE – средняя выручка
Average revenue is revenue per unit of output sold, calculated by dividing total revenue by the number of units of output produced.

AVERAGE TAX RATE – средняя ставка налогообложения
Average tax rate is tax paid divided by total income, expressed as a percentage (i.e. tax paid divided by total income multiplied by 100).

AVERAGE TOTAL COSTS – средние совокупные издержки
Average total costs are total cost per unit of output, or the total cost of
each unit of output on average. They are calculated by dividing total costs
by the number of units of output; they are also equal to the sum of average
fixed costs and average variable costs.

AVERAGE VARIABLE COSTS – средние переменные издержки
Average variable costs are variable cost per unit of output, or the variable cost of each unit of output on average. They are calculated by dividing
variable cost by the number of units of output.

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS – равновесие платежного баланса
Balance of payments is a record (usually for a year) of all transactions
between the residents of a country and the residents of all other countries,
showing all payments received from other countries (credits), and all
payments made to other countries (debits). In the course of a year, the sum
of all the credits must be equal to the sum of all the debits.

BALANCE OF TRADE IN GOODS – сальдо торгового баланса
Balance of trade in goods is part of the balance of payments, it is the
value of exports of goods minus the value of imports of goods over a specific period of time (usually a year).

BALANCE OF TRADE IN SERVICES – сальдо внешней торговли
услугами

Balance of trade in services is part of the balance of payments, it is the
value of exports of services minus the value of imports of services over
a specific period of time (usually a year).

BALANCE ON CAPITAL ACCOUNT – баланс движения капиталов
Balance on capital account is the sum of inflows minus outflows of
funds in the capital account of the balance of payments.

BALANCE ON CURRENT ACCOUNT – платёжный баланс по текущим операциям; остаток на текущем счёте
Balance on current account is the sum of inflows minus outflows of
funds in the current account of the balance of payments.

BALANCED BUDGET – сбалансированный --">